[The status of cerebral hemodynamics in patients with vertebro-basilar insufficiency syndrome]. / Sostoianie tserebral'noi gemodinamiki u bol'nykh s sindromom vertebral'no-basiliarnoi nedostatochnosti.

The state of venous and arterial cerebral hemodynamics was studied using ultrasonic dopplerography with application of hypo- and hypercapnia, angioencephaloscintigraphy with pertecnetate Tc-99m in 48 patients with syndrome of vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Estimation was performed in patients by the results of neurological and otoneurologic evidence, the data of nistagmography and registration of the truncal evoked potentials. It was found that at early stages of the development of vertebrobasilar insufficiency's syndrome disorders of vasomotor reactivity and disturbances in venous hemodynamics play a leading role in its pathogenesis. Stenosis damages of extra- and intracranial arteries become dominating in subsequent clinical picture.

Gender effects in children's beliefs about school performance: a cross-cultural study.

Do young boys and girls understand what leads to academic success (e.g., talent, effort, good teaching, luck) in the same way? Do young girls and boys have equivalent perceptions of their academic competence? Are these beliefs engendered in the same way across sociocultural contexts? In a cross-cultural study of over 3,000 children in grades 2 to 6, ages 7.2 to 13.6, we discovered that boys and girls around the world have very similar ideas about what generally leads to academic success. Moreover, in the few contexts where boys' and girls' academic performances were equal, their beliefs were also equal. However, when girls outperformed boys, their beliefs in their own talent were no greater than boys' beliefs, even though they did have stronger beliefs than boys in other facets of their achievement potential (e.g., putting forth effort, being lucky, getting their teacher's help). Our findings support the generally close correspondence between children's achievement and their competence-related beliefs, with the exception that young girls appear to specifically discount their talent. The effects held regardless of the children's achievement, intelligence, or age (approximately 8 to 13 years). Girls were more biased in some contexts than in others, however, suggesting that competence-related biases are rooted in culture-specific aspects of school settings.

[Treatment of vertigo with betaserk in patients with vascular and traumatic cerebral injuries]. / Lechenie golovokruzhenii preparatom betaserk u bol'nykh s sosudistymi i travmaticheskimi porazheniiami golovnogo mozga.

42 patients with discirculatory and posttraumatic encephalopathy were treated with betaserk. Ultrasonic dopplerography and acoustic evoked potentials were used for assessment of the treatment results. It was established that betaserk was quite effective both for arrest of acute vertigo attacks and for prophylaxis of vertigo relapses. A decrease in frequency of vertigo attacks (by 60%, on the average) as well as in their duration and intensity were accompanied by an increase in blood flow through the arteries of vertebro-basilar system and by normalization of the parameters of acoustic evoked potentials.

Regulation of the septal pacemaker theta rhythm by the cervical nuclei of the midbrain.

Neuronal activity in the medial septal region (the medial nucleus and the diagonal band nucleus, MN-DBN) was recorded along with hippocampal EEG traces in conscious rabbits with stimulatory electrodes implanted in the median cervical nucleus (MCN) and the reticular formation (RF) of the midbrain and pons. In all animals with electrodes in the MCN, the background theta activity frequency was low (4.6 +/- 0.15 Hz) as compared with intact rabbits or those with electrodes implanted only in the RF (5.2 +/- 0.19 Hz, p < 0.5). Stimulation of the MCN with weak low-frequency impulses reduced theta volleys from MN-DBN cells, reducing their frequency and regularity and inducing the appearance or strengthening of low-frequency delta modulation. The number of spikes in a volley decreased, and the duration of inter-volley intervals increased. Stimulation of the MCN led to a gradual decrease in the frequency and amplitude of theta waves, induced irregular delta waves and spindles of 12 Hz in the hippocampal EEG. Stimulation of the RF produced the opposite changes in volley activity in the MN-DBN and hippocampal EEG, with increases in theta and decreases in delta components. These results support a role for the midbrain cervical nuclei as structures limiting the generation of theta activity by the reticular-septal system, but do not support the existence of an MN-DBN-independent high-frequency serotoninergic theta rhythm. It is proposed that the effect of the MCN may be important for suppression and switching of attention.

[The regulation of the septal pacemaker of theta rhythm by the midbrain raphe nuclei]. / Reguliatsiia septal'nogo peismekera iadrami shva srednego mozga.

Neuronal activity of the medial septum (MS--DB) and hippocampal slow electroencephalogram (EEG) were recorded in unanaesthetized rabbits with stimulating electrodes implanted in the median raphe nucleus and reticular formation of midbrain and pons. In all the animals with raphe electrodes the background frequency of theta-rhythm was decreased (mean 4.7 +/- 0.15 Hz) in comparison with the intact animals and those with stimulating electrodes in the reticular formation only (5.2 +/- 0.19 Hz, p < < 0.5). Stimulation of the raphe had effects of suppression of theta-bursts, decrease in their frequency and regularity, and appearance or increase of delta-modulation in MS--DB neuronal activity. The number of spikes per burst was decreased while interburst pauses became significantly longer. At the same time, gradual decrease of theta frequency and amplitude, theta suppression, appearance of irregular delta-waves and spindles were observed in the hippocampal EEG. Stimulation of the reticular formation evoked the opposite effects in MS--DB neuronal activity, as well as in the hippocampal EEG. The data confirm the role of the midbrain raphe in constraining the reticulo-septohippocampal system of theta-rhythm generation and do not support the statements on the existence of septum-independent high-frequency serotonergic theta-rhythm. It is suggested that theta-limiting raphe influences may be important for suppression and switching of attention.

[The role of x-ray diagnosis in preventing odontogenic mediastinitis]. / Rol' rentgenologicheskoi diagnostiki v profilaktike odontogennykh mediastinitov.

A method of roentgen diagnostics for patients with phlegmons of the maxillofacial area with suspicion of spread of pyo-inflammatory processes into the fat space of the neck is proposed which consists of radiographic survey of the neck with soft rays in two (direct and lateral) projections. The timely diagnosis of spread of pyo-inflammatory processes into the fat space of the neck allows to make necessary corrections in the plan of treatment.